Apparatus for controlling a variable



April 3; 1934.

J. L. HODGSON ET AL APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A VARIABLE Filed Nov. 27, 1931 4 Sheets-Sheet l dlrltrllil April 3, 1934.

J. L. HODGSON ET AL APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A VARIABLE Fil'ed Nov. 27. 1951 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 A 3, 1934- J. L. HODGSON ET AL APPARATUS FOR CONTROLLING A VARIABLE Filed Nov. 27. 1931 4 Sheets-Sheet 5 Patented Apr. 3, 1934 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE APPARATUS non CONTROLLING A. VARIABLE don, England Application November 27, 1931, Serial No. 577,656

26 Claims. I (Cl. 236-79) One feature of this invention relates to improvements in apparatus suitable for controlling and if desired for recording the value of a variable such as the flow of a fluid, pressure tempera'ture water or other liquid level or humidity.

- A further feature of the invention relates to electrical apparatus for effecting control of and/ or recording a variable. 4

The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which Figure 1 is a vertical section partly in elevation; Figure 2 a horizontal section partly in elevation of one form of construction,

and Figure 3 a vertical section of a diaphragm which is controlled by the parts shown in Figures 1 and 2. Figure 4 is a horizontal section partly inelevation of a modification; Figures 5, 6 and 7 show a still further modification, Figure 5 being a vertical section partly in elevation and Figures 6 and 7 detail views; Figures 8 and 9 are sectional elevations of a still further modification,

these two figures showing the parts in alternative positions, and Figure 10 a perspective view oi a further modification. Figures 11-18 are detail views.

Referring firstly to Figures 1 to 3, l is a casing in which is mounted a spindle 2 connected to a member responsive to variations in the variable such as pressure, temperature, rate oi how, or humidity to be controlled. The spindle 2 has secured thereto anarm 2' which is connected by a link 3 to an arm 4 secured to a spindle 5, the length of the link being adjustable by means of right and left hand screw threaded turn-buckle 6. The arm 4 is provided with a pin 2 which, after the arm has moved through a predetermined angular distance, engages a shutter member 8 freely mounted on the spindle 5. lf'he shutter member 8 is provided at one end with a knife edged portion 9 and is biased by a Weight 10 at its other end so that it is normally located by a fixed stop ill. The knife edged portion ofthe shutter is normally located between two nozzles 12, 13 which are arranged opposite one another; the nozzle 32 is connected to a source of fluid under pressure so that a jet of fluid is constantly issuing from the nozzle and the nozzle 13 is placed in communication with a chamber 14 having a diaphragm 15 therein. The diaphragm engages a head 16 which 58 is secured to a rod 1'? having at its lower end a control valve 18 for controlling a flow or medium on which depends the value of the variable to be controlled. The shaping of the wall 01 the cham= ber 14 is such that during movement of the diaphragm consequent upon increase or decrease in the fluid pressure in the chamber, the diaphragm is substantially'not extended.

The valve 18 is normally held open by a spring 19 which abuts at one end against a flange formed on a casing 20 and at ihe'other end against a. 0 collar 21 which is adjustably secured to the rod 17. The spindle 2 is provided with an indicating pointer 22 which moves over a scale 23 and gives an indication of the value of the variable to be controlled... The positioning of the knife edged portion of the shutter is such that until the predetermined maximum value is exceeded the said portion intercepts or cuts oii the flow of pressure fluid from the nozzle 12 to the other nozzle 13.

During the movement of the spindle 2 up to the predetermined maximum value the arm 4 moves idly with respect to the shutter 8. As soon however as the predetermined value is exceeded the pin 7 on the arm 4 moves into engagement with the shutter 8 and rocks this latter so as to move the knife edged portion 9 thereof out of line with the nozzles. The jet of pressure fluid issuing from the nozzle 12 is thus permitted to how from the nozzle 12 to the nozzle 13 and thence to the chamber 14. The nozzles l2, 13 are such that the velocity of the jet of fluid creates an increase of pressure in the chamber 14. The pressure in the chamber overcomes the spring pressure and causes the valve 18 to reduce or shut ed the flow of medium past the valve until the con- 5 trolled variable returns to a value not greater than the predetermined value.

By adjusting the length of the link by means of the turn buckle 6 the value at which the pin '7 on the arm 4 will engage the shutter 25 can be varied.

It will be seen that the loading of the spring opposing the fluid pressure increases with its displacement and thereby ensures that for each fluid pressure acting on the diaphragm or head there is a stable position. The spring may obvi-- ously he replaced by a weight which, to produce the progressive increase in loading, is pivotally mounted.

In the arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2, the shutter mechanism is containedwithinahousing which is secured as a separate attachment to the casing i the link 3 passing through clearance apertures in the casing 1 and in the hous 111% 5 4 illustrates an arrangement which can be employed for use in cases where it is necessary for a corrosive fluid, for example, corrosive gas, to be employed as the pressure fluid for operating the diaphragm. In this arrangement no the interior of the casing 1 is sealed against the housing for the shutter and nozzles and the link 3 instead of being directly connected to the arm 4 is connected to a second arm 25 secured to a spindle 26 which is mounted in bearings 27, 28 carried in the housing and is secured, to the arm 4. The bearings are spaced apart to form a chamber 26 placed in communication with the atmosphere through a passage 26 this arrangement prevents the building up of pressure along the spindle and thus prevents the fluid from gaining access to the interior of the casing 1 and thence via the spindle 2 to the member responsive to variations in the variable. This arrangement could obviously be applied to the separate box like construction shown in Figures 1 and 2.

Figures 5, 6 and 7 illustrate an arrangement in which the single nozzle system and the return spring are replaced by a double nozzle system and a piston which is controlled by oppositely acting fluid pressures due to the jets issuing from the discharge nozzle. In this arrangement the nozzles are indicated at 29, 30 and 31, 32. Communication between the nozzles is controlled by a double shutter member 33. The nozzles 30, 32 are respectively placed in communication with opposite sides of a piston 34 and the nozzles 29, 31 are supplied with fluid under pressure by a nipple 35 in communication with a common chamber 36 into which the nozzles 29, 31 extend. Until a predetermined value is reached equal pressures due to the jets are applied to both sides of the piston which consequently remains in its initial position. As soon as the predetermined value is exceeded the double shutter 33 is moved to increase theflow between one pair of nozzles and to decrease the flow between the other pair so that the piston is moved correspondingly to effeet a movement of the valve 18.

Figures 8 and 9 illustrate an arrangement in which an adjustment of the predetermined value can be efl'ected from outside the casing 1 this being particularly useful in cases where it is undesirable to open up the apparatus. In this arrangement the member which is responsive to variations in pressure, temperature, flow or humidity, is connected by a link 37 to an arm 38 secured to a spindle 39 to which is also secured an operating arm 40. The arm 40 is adapted when the predetermined value is reached to engage an adjustable stud 41 carried by a lever 42 pivotally mounted at 43 on a sector 44 mounted on a second spindle coaxial with the spindle 39. The lever 42 is connected by an adjustable link 45 to an arm 46 secured directly to a shutter 47 which is as in the arrangement shown in Figures 1 and 2, biased to intercept the flow of pressure fluid between the two nozzles 12, 13. The sector is engaged by a worm wheel 48 fast on a spindle '49 having a bevel gear 50 in mesh with a bevel gear 51 secured to a spindle 52 which extends to the exterior of the casing 1 and is adapted to be rotated as for example, by a key having a square socket.

It will be seen that with this arrangement an adjustment of the predetermined value can be effected from outside the casing by rotating the shaft 52 and hence the shaft, 49 which in turn will rock the sector 44 carrying the lever 42 and thus the initial separation between the stud 41 and the actuating arm 40 can be varied.

If desired the spindle 52 may be provided with a dial for giving a visual indication of the extent of adjustment.

Referring now to Figure 10, there is illustrated an arrangement in which the shutter 8 is controlled by a device such as a galvanometar or ratiometer which is responsive to electrical change brought about by change in the variable to be controlled.

In this figure 53 is the galvanometer or ratiometer pointer which is pivoted about the vertical axis 54 and which is free to move when a jaw member 55 is down in its lowest position as shown in the figure. The jaw member is raised at regular intervals by a cam 56, which is fixed to a shaft 57 driven by a suitable motor (air or electric) at a suitable speed, say one revolution in 20 or 30 seconds. When the jaw member is raised it first of all clamps the pointer (which is flexible so that it can be bent upwards, without damage), between itself and a co-operating jaw member 58 which is normally held up against a stop 59 by means of a spring 60. A further movement of the cam then causes the projecting end of the pointer to engage a cam 61 which is pivoted about the axis 62 and carries the shutter 8 which intercepts the air jet between the two nozzles 12 and 13. The shutter always tends to be pulled so that it will not intercept the air jet by a spring 63 but is, however, loosely clamped by a brake 64. Thus, if the projecting end of the pointer as it engages with the cam 61 necessitates that the shutter shall be further depressed, the pressure of the pointer on the cam 61 is suflicient to overcome the resistance of the brake. The brake is, however, sufficient to overcome the pull of the spring 63 so that a position of the shutter once taken up will not be lost until the brake is released.

A cam 65 releases the brake once during every revolution of the shaft 57 when the cam 56 has raised the jaw 55 to approximately its highest position. If then the position of the pointer is such that the shutter should be raised, the spring 63 during its release by the release of the brake pulls the shutter upwards until the cam 61 is in contact with the pointer after which the brake 64 clamps the shutter in position.

After the setting operation has been completed the jaw 55 falls and the pointer is free to take up a new position before again being clamped.

It will be seen that the mechanism enables the shutter to be moved from one position to another in accordance with the angular deflection of the pointer about the axis 54 the exact position of the shutter depending upon the shape of the cam surface 61. The position of the shutter is always controlled either by the brake or by the position of the end of the pointer. It is never free to open up fully unless the pointer is moved to the right hand end of the cam 61.

The nozzles may be formed as shown in Figure 11; with this arrangement however a very small movement of the shutter 8 cuts off the supply of fluid under pressure to the receiving nozzle 13 which in some cases makes the response of the diaphragm 15 or piston 34 quicker than is desired. This response can be rendered more gradual by shaping the receiving nozzle 13 as shown in Figure 12 or by providing a block or deflector 66 as shown in Figure 13.

If desired the nozzle 12 may be shaped as shown in Figure 14.

Another way of slowing down the response or the diaphragm 15 or piston 34 is to slope the cut-01f surface 9 of the shutter 8 at an inclination as shown in Figure 15, and in order to provide for an adjustment of the inclination of the cut-off surface, the arrangement employed in Figure '16 may be employed; in this arrangement the cut-off surface is formed on a disc 67 which can be swivelled to any angle and secured by clips 68.

While it is preferred to employ a nozzle having a circular cross section for convenience in manufacture and cleaning, the nozzles may be shaped to discharge and receive jets having the cross sectional shapes shown in Figures 17 and 18.

What we claim is:-

1. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the I variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to efiect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzle to the other, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, and adjustable motion transmitting connections between and connected to the responsive member and the intercepting device.

2. In control apparatus for controlling a vari= able such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is adapted to project-a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to eifect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzle to the other, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, and an adjustable lostmotion connection between the responsive member and the intercepting device so that the latter is unaffected until a predetermined value is reached.

3. In control apparatus for controlling a vari able such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for con= trolling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, a pair of -opposed nozzles one-of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzleto effect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzle to the. other, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, motion transmitting connections between and connected to the responsive member and the intercepting device, and

an adjusting device for the connections which is operable externally of the apparatus.

4. Incontrol apparatus for controlling a vari- 'able such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, a pair of opposednozzles one of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards tlTe'other nozzle to eifect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting devicefor controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzleito' the other, a member which is-respom sive to variations in the variable, connections betweenthe responsive member and the intercepting device, a casing for the parts effecting operation of the intercepting device, and means for preventing the access of the pressure fluid into the casing.

5. In control apparatus for controlling avariable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to eflect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzle to the other, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable. connections between the responsive member and the intercepting device, and a casing for the partsefifecting operation of the intercepting device, the connection including a spindle which extends through the casing and transmits motion to the intercepting device and an outlet for preventing the building up of fluid pressure along the spindle to prevent access of fluid under pressure to the interior of the casing.

6. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, two pairs of opposed nozzles one of each pair being adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle of the pair to apply oppositely acting pressures to the valve operating means, an intercepting device for controlling the'flow of the jets differentially from one nozzle of each pair to the other nozzle of the pair, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, and an adjustable lost-motion connection between the responsive member and the intercepting device so that the latter is unaffected until a predetermined value is reached.

7. 1m control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the varlable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, two pairs of opposed nozzles one of each pair being adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle of the pair to apply oppositely acting pressures to the valve operating means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of-the jetsidiiierentially fromone nozzle of each pair to the other nozzle of the pair, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, connections between the responsive member and the intercepting device, and an adjusting device for the connections which is operable externally of the apparatus.-

8. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve,

two pairs of opposed nozzles one of each pair.

being adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle of the pair to apply oppositely acting pressures to the valve operating means, an intercepting devicefor conable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with thevalve, two pairs of opposed nozzles one of each pair being adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle of the pair to apply oppositely acting pressures to the valve operating means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jets differentially from one nozzle of each pair to the other nozzle of the pair, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, connections between the responsive member and the intercepting device, and a casing for the parts effecting operation of the intercepting device, the connection including a spindle which extends through the casing and transmits motion to the intercepting device and an outlet for preventing the building up of fluid pressure along the spindle to prevent access of fluid under pressure to the interior of the casing.

10. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to effect actuation of 'the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzle to the other, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, an adjustable lost-motion connection between the responsive member and the intercepting device so that the latter is unaffected until a predetermined value is reached, a casing for the parts effecting operation of the intercepting device and means for preventing the access of the pressure fluid into the casing.

11. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, two pairs of opposed nozzes one of each pa r being adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle of the pair to apply oppositely acting pressures to the valve operating means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jets differentially from one nozzle of each pair to the other nozzle of the pair, a mem ber which is responsive to variations in the variable, an adjustable lost-motion connection between the responsive member and the intercepting device so that the latter is unaffected until a predetermined value isreacbed, a casing for the parts effecting operation of the intercepting device, and means for preventing the access of the pressure fluid into, the casing.

12. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, a

- pair of opposed nozzles one of which. is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to eifect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzle to the other, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable, connections between the responsive member and the intercepting device, a casing for the parts effecting operation of the intercepting device, and a separate casing for the intercepting device and nozzles which is carried by the first casing.

13. In control apparatus for controlling aivariable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a valve for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means in operative connection with the valve, two pairs of opposed nozzles one of each pair being adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle of the pair to apply oppositely acting pressures to the valve operating means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jets differentially from one nozzle of each pair to the other nozzle of the pair, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable connections between the responsive member and the intercepting device, a casing for the parts eflecting operation of the intercepting device, and a separate casing for the intercepting device and nozzles which is carried by the flrst casing.

14. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a member for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means for controlling the operation of the control member, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to effect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow from one nozzle to the other, a member whose position is controlled electrically by the value of the variable, a cam member which is in operative con nection with the intercepting device and with which the electrically controlled member is adapted to cooperate to move the intercepting device to intercepting positions varying in accordance with the position of the electrically controlled member, and means for intermittently moving the electrically controlled device into engagement with said cam member.

15. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a member for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means for controlling the operation of the control member, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to effect actuation of the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow from one nozzle to the other, a control member whose angular position is controlled electrically by the value of the variable, a cam member in operative connection with the intercepting device biased to move towards the control member, means for frictionally holding the cam member, means operable at intervals for clamping the control member at the angular position it occupies at the be-- ginning of the interval and for moving the member into co-operating relationship with the cam member and means for temporarily releasing the cam member from frictional restraint at the end of the movement of the control member into co operating relationship with respect to the cam member, the whole arrangement being such that the cam member and hence the intercepting device are under control during the whole cycle of operations either by the frictional holding device or the control member. a

16. In control apparatus for controlling a. variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a. member for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means for controlling the operation of the control member, a pair of opposed nozzles one 01' which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to efl'ect actuation of trol member, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to eflect actuationoi' the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of the jet from one nozzle to the other, a deflecting device for controlling the direction of the jet when displacedby the intercepting device, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable and connections between the responsive member and the intercepting device.

18. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a member for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means for controlling the operation of the control member, a pair of opposed nozzles one 01' which is adapted to project a jet of fluid under pressure towards the other nozzle to, effect actuation oi the fluid pressure operable means, an intercepting device for controlling the flow oi the jet from one nozzle to the other, the intercepting device having a controlling edge which is inclined to the direction of movement of the intercepting device between the nozzles, a member which is responsive to variations in the variable and connections between the responsive member and the intercepting device.

19. In control apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow or humidity, the combination of a member for controlling the variable, fluid pressure operable means for controlling the operation of the control member, a pair of opposed nozzles one of which is tween the responsive member and the intercepting device.

20. In apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate oi. flow, or humidity, the combination of a member for controlling now of a Jet from the second nozzle to the first, as. member responsive to variations in the variable,

and connections between said responsive memher and said intercepting device.

21. In apparatus for controlling a variable such as pressure, temperature, rate of flow, or humidity, the combination of a member for controlling the variable, a diaphragm subjected to substantially unchanging fluid pressure on one of its sides and being responsive to changes in fluid pressure exerted on its other side only, means connectingsaid diaphragm to said control member for transmitting movement from the diaphragm to the control member, a pair of opposed nozzles, means providing communication between one of said nozzles and the said other side only of said diaphragm, nieansadapted to provide communication between the other nozzle and a source of fluid pressure, an intercepting device for controlling the flow of a jet from the second nozzle to the first, spring means for biasing said diaphragm against the action of the fluid pressure on said other side thereof, a member responsive to variations in the variable, and connections between said responsive member and said intercepting device. w

22. Apparatus for indicating the recording or controlling a physical quantity suchas temperature or flow comprising a deflecting pointer, a control mechanism, means for interconnecting, said deflecting pointer and said control mechanism comprising a pair of clamping members disposed on opposite sides of the deflecting pointer and means for intermittently moving said clamping members relative to each other to engage the deflecting pointer, and a cam member connected with said control mechanism operated by the defleeting pointer in clamped position.

'23. Apparatus forindicating the recording or controlling a physical quantity such as temperature or flow comprising a deflecting pointer, a control mechanism, means for interconnecting said deflecting pointer and said control mechanism comprising a pair or clamping members dis posed on opposite sides of the deflecting pointer, means for intermittently moving said clamping members relative to each other to engage the deflecting pointer, a cam member connected with said control mechanism operated by the deflecting pointer in clamped position, and means for biasing said cam member toward its zero or datum position.

24. Apparatus for indicating the recording or controlling a physical quantity such as temperature or flow comprising a deflecting pointer, a

control mechanism, means for interconnecting said deflecting pointer and said control mechanism comprising a pair of clamping members (115- posed on opposite sides of the deflecting pointer, means for intermittently moving said clamping members relative to each other to engage the deflecting pointer, a. cam member connected with said control mechanism operated by the deflecting pointer inclamped position, meansior biasing said cam member toward its zero or datum position, and a brake for' normally controlling the position of said cam member, and means for intermittently freeing said brake for permitting the cam member to be shifted to a position dependent on the deviation of the pointer, saidcammember operating to actuate said control mechanism.

25. Apparatus for indicating-recording or controlling a physical quantity" such'as temperature or flow comprising an indicator including a defleeting pointer, a control mechanism, a pair of separated allow the pointer to move freely be tween them, means for intermittently shifting said pivotally mounted members into engagement with said deflecting pointer, and a cam device engaged by said deflecting pointer, said cam device being connected with said control mechanism for actuating said control mechanism according to the deviation of said deflecting pointer.

26. Apparatus for indicating recording or controlling a physical quantity such as temperature or flow comprising an indicator including a deflecting pointer, a control mechanism, a pair of pivotally mounted members disposed on opposite sides of said deflecting pointer and which when separated allow the pointer to move freely beaesacoe mechanism including a shutter member and a fluid flow path adapted to be bridged by said shutter member according to the operation of said control mechanism. I

JOHN LAWRENCE HODGSON. GILES PHILIP ELIOT HOWARD. ALEXANDER IVANOFF. 

